A Review of Hydraulic Pressure for Water Supply Unites Considering Iraqi Geodetic Reference

The hydraulic pressure head of the flowing water (between entrance and exit pipes) in distribution networks depends on length slope these pipes, which can represent losses for each meter length, where supply network pipes are dependent specified datum ground elevations. This elevation may result a reduction with grade pressure. As result, precision measured data used to observe elevations is critical decrease error apply an accurate local reference. It's comprehend implications using Geographic Information System (GIS) application technology models evaluate Iraqi Geodetic Reference. These GIS input based analysis relationship between selected spatial resolution expected stations network. research aims review literature try track conversion geodetic references datums accurately identify locations It was found that recent researches tend use create novel methods reduce error.